There Is a 2nd Barcode on My Box Can I Use It Again

Optical machine-readable representation of data

A barcode or bar code is a method of representing data in a visual, machine-readable form. Initially, barcodes represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines. These barcodes, at present commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D), can be scanned by special optical scanners, chosen barcode readers, of which at that place are several types. Later, two-dimensional (2nd) variants were developed, using rectangles, dots, hexagons and other patterns, called matrix codes or 2nd barcodes, although they do not use bars as such. 2D barcodes can be read using purpose-built 2D optical scanners, which be in a few dissimilar forms. 2nd barcodes can also exist read by a digital camera connected to a microcomputer running software that takes a photographic prototype of the barcode and analyzes the prototype to deconstruct and decode the second barcode. A mobile device with an inbuilt camera, such equally smartphone, can function as the latter type of 2D barcode reader using specialized application software (The aforementioned sort of mobile device could also read 1D barcodes, depending on the application software).

The barcode was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silverish and patented in the U.s. in 1951.^[1] The invention was based on Morse code^[2] that was extended to thin and thick bars. Yet, it took over 20 years earlier this invention became commercially successful. UK mag 'Modern Railways' December 1962 pages 387-389 tape how British Railways had already perfected a barcode-reading system capable of correctly reading rolling stock travelling at 100 mph (160 km/h) with no mistakes but the system was abandoned when privatisation of the railways took place. An early on apply of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s. Developed by Full general Telephone and Electronics (GTE) and called KarTrak ACI (Automatic Car Identification), this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock. Two plates were used per car, one on each side, with the arrangement of the colored stripes encoding data such as buying, type of equipment, and identification number.^[three] The plates were read by a trackside scanner located, for case, at the entrance to a classification 1000, while the automobile was moving past.^[4] The project was abased after well-nigh ten years because the organization proved unreliable afterwards long-term utilise.^[3]

Barcodes became commercially successful when they were used to automate supermarket checkout systems, a task for which they take become almost universal. The Uniform Grocery Production Code Council had chosen, in 1973, the barcode design developed past George Laurer. Laurer'southward barcode, with vertical bars, printed better than the circular barcode developed by Woodland and Argent.^[5] Their use has spread to many other tasks that are generically referred to as automatic identification and information capture (AIDC). The kickoff scanning of the now-ubiquitous Universal Product Lawmaking (UPC) barcode was on a pack of Wrigley's chewing gum in June 1974 at a Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio, using a scanner made by Photographic Sciences Corporation.^{[6] [5]} QR codes, a specific type of second barcode, have recently become very popular due to the growth in smartphone ownership.^[7]

Other systems have made inroads in the AIDC market, but the simplicity, universality and low cost of barcodes has limited the role of these other systems, peculiarly before technologies such every bit radio-frequency identification (RFID) became bachelor subsequently 1995.

History [edit]

In 1948 Bernard Argent, a graduate educatee at Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.s.a. overheard the president of the local food chain, Nutrient Fair, asking 1 of the deans to research a system to automatically read product data during checkout.^[8] Silverish told his friend Norman Joseph Woodland about the request, and they started working on a variety of systems. Their commencement working system used ultraviolet ink, but the ink faded too easily and was expensive.^[9]

Convinced that the arrangement was workable with further development, Woodland left Drexel, moved into his father'south apartment in Florida, and continued working on the system. His next inspiration came from Morse lawmaking, and he formed his offset barcode from sand on the beach. "I just extended the dots and dashes downwards and made narrow lines and broad lines out of them."^[ix] To read them, he adapted technology from optical soundtracks in movies, using a 500-watt incandescent light seedling shining through the paper onto an RCA935 photomultiplier tube (from a movie projector) on the far side. He later decided that the system would piece of work improve if it were printed as a circle instead of a line, allowing it to be scanned in any direction.

On 20 October 1949, Woodland and Silver filed a patent awarding for "Classifying Apparatus and Method", in which they described both the linear and bull's eye press patterns, equally well as the mechanical and electronic systems needed to read the code. The patent was issued on 7 October 1952 as Usa Patent ii,612,994.^[1] In 1951, Woodland moved to IBM and continually tried to interest IBM in developing the system. The company eventually commissioned a report on the idea, which ended that information technology was both feasible and interesting, but that processing the resulting information would crave equipment that was some time off in the future.

IBM offered to buy the patent, but the offering was not accepted. Philco purchased the patent in 1962 and so sold it to RCA sometime afterwards.^[ix]

Collins at Sylvania [edit]

During his time as an undergraduate, David Jarrett Collins worked at the Pennsylvania Railroad and became aware of the need to automatically identify railroad cars. Immediately after receiving his main's degree from MIT in 1959, he started work at GTE Sylvania and began addressing the problem. He developed a organization called KarTrak using blue and red reflective stripes fastened to the side of the cars, encoding a six-digit company identifier and a four-digit motorcar number.^[9] Light reflected off the colored stripes was read by photomultiplier vacuum tubes.^[10]

The Boston and Maine Railroad tested the KarTrak system on their gravel cars in 1961. The tests continued until 1967, when the Association of American Railroads (AAR) selected it as a standard, Automatic Car Identification, beyond the entire North American armada. The installations began on 10 October 1967. Nevertheless, the economic downturn and rash of bankruptcies in the industry in the early 1970s greatly slowed the rollout, and information technology was non until 1974 that 95% of the armada was labeled. To add to its woes, the organisation was constitute to be easily fooled by dirt in certain applications, which greatly affected accuracy. The AAR abased the organization in the late 1970s, and it was not until the mid-1980s that they introduced a similar system, this time based on radio tags.^[11]

The railway project had failed, but a toll bridge in New Jersey requested a like organisation so that it could quickly scan for cars that had purchased a monthly pass. Then the U.S. Mail Office requested a system to track trucks entering and leaving their facilities. These applications required special retroreflector labels. Finally, Kal Kan asked the Sylvania squad for a simpler (and cheaper) version which they could put on cases of pet nutrient for inventory control.

Figurer Identics Corporation [edit]

In 1967, with the railway system maturing, Collins went to management looking for funding for a project to develop a black-and-white version of the code for other industries. They declined, saying that the railway project was large plenty, and they saw no need to co-operative out so quickly.

Collins and then quit Sylvania and formed the Computer Identics Corporation.^[nine] Every bit its first innovations, Figurer Identics moved from using incandescent light bulbs in its systems, replacing them with helium–neon lasers, and incorporated a mirror as well, making it capable of locating a barcode up to several feet in front of the scanner. This made the entire process much simpler and more reliable, and typically enabled these devices to deal with damaged labels, as well, by recognizing and reading the intact portions.

Calculator Identics Corporation installed one of its offset ii scanning systems in the spring of 1969 at a General Motors (Buick) mill in Flint, Michigan.^[nine] The system was used to identify a dozen types of transmissions moving on an overhead conveyor from production to shipping. The other scanning system was installed at General Trading Visitor's distribution center in Carlstadt, New Jersey to direct shipments to the proper loading bay.

Universal Product Code [edit]

In 1966, the National Association of Nutrient Bondage (NAFC) held a meeting on the idea of automated checkout systems. RCA, who had purchased the rights to the original Woodland patent, attended the meeting and initiated an internal project to develop a arrangement based on the bullseye lawmaking. The Kroger grocery concatenation volunteered to examination it.

In the mid-1970s, the NAFC established the Ad-Hoc Committee for U.South. Supermarkets on a Uniform Grocery-Product Code to set guidelines for barcode development. In addition, it created a symbol-selection subcommittee to help standardize the approach. In cooperation with consulting firm, McKinsey & Co., they developed a standardized eleven-digit lawmaking for identifying products. The committee then sent out a contract tender to develop a barcode organisation to print and read the code. The request went to Singer, National Cash Register (NCR), Litton Industries, RCA, Pitney-Bowes, IBM and many others.^[12] A wide variety of barcode approaches was studied, including linear codes, RCA's bullseye concentric circle lawmaking, starburst patterns and others.

In the leap of 1971, RCA demonstrated their bullseye code at some other industry coming together. IBM executives at the meeting noticed the crowds at the RCA berth and immediately developed their own organization. IBM marketing specialist Alec Jablonover remembered that the visitor still employed Woodland, and he established a new facility in Raleigh-Durham Research Triangle Park to lead development.

In July 1972, RCA began an eighteen-month exam in a Kroger shop in Cincinnati. Barcodes were printed on small pieces of agglutinative newspaper, and attached by hand past store employees when they were adding price tags. The lawmaking proved to have a serious trouble; the printers would sometimes smear ink, rendering the code unreadable in most orientations. Yet, a linear code, similar the 1 beingness developed by Woodland at IBM, was printed in the direction of the stripes, so actress ink would simply make the code "taller" while remaining readable. So on 3 April 1973, the IBM UPC was selected every bit the NAFC standard. IBM had designed 5 versions of UPC symbology for futurity industry requirements: UPC A, B, C, D, and E.^[13]

NCR installed a testbed system at Marsh'southward Supermarket in Troy, Ohio, near the factory that was producing the equipment. On 26 June 1974, Clyde Dawson pulled a 10-pack of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit gum out of his basket and it was scanned by Sharon Buchanan at 8:01 am. The pack of gum and the receipt are now on display in the Smithsonian Institution. It was the commencement commercial appearance of the UPC.^[14]

In 1971, an IBM team was assembled for an intensive planning session, threshing out, 12 to eighteen hours a 24-hour interval, how the technology would be deployed and operate cohesively beyond the organisation, and scheduling a coil-out plan. By 1973, the squad were meeting with grocery manufacturers to introduce the symbol that would need to be printed on the packaging or labels of all of their products. There were no price savings for a grocery to utilise information technology, unless at least 70% of the grocery'south products had the barcode printed on the product by the manufacturer. IBM projected that 75% would be needed in 1975. Yet, although this was achieved, there were nonetheless scanning machines in fewer than 200 grocery stores past 1977.^[15]

Economic studies conducted for the grocery industry committee projected over $40 one thousand thousand in savings to the industry from scanning past the mid-1970s. Those numbers were not achieved in that time-frame and some predicted the demise of barcode scanning. The usefulness of the barcode required the adoption of expensive scanners by a critical mass of retailers while manufacturers simultaneously adopted barcode labels. Neither wanted to motility starting time and results were not promising for the outset couple of years, with Business organisation Week proclaiming "The Supermarket Scanner That Failed" in a 1976 article.^{[fourteen] [16]}

On the other mitt, experience with barcode scanning in those stores revealed additional benefits. The detailed sales information acquired past the new systems immune greater responsiveness to client habits, needs and preferences. This was reflected in the fact that about 5 weeks later installing barcode scanners, sales in grocery stores typically started climbing and eventually leveled off at a 10–12% increase in sales that never dropped off. There was also a 1–2% decrease in operating cost for those stores, and this enabled them to lower prices and thereby to increase market place share. It was shown in the field that the return on investment for a barcode scanner was 41.5%. By 1980, 8,000 stores per year were converting.^[fifteen]

Sims Supermarkets were the first location in Australia to use barcodes, starting in 1979.^[17]

Industrial adoption [edit]

In 1981, the United States Department of Defense adopted the utilize of Code 39 for marker all products sold to the United States military. This system, Logistics Applications of Automatic Marking and Reading Symbols (LOGMARS), is still used past DoD and is widely viewed as the goad for widespread adoption of barcoding in industrial uses.^[eighteen]

Apply [edit]

Snack vendor on the Shinkansen train scans a barcode.

Barcode on a patient identification wristband

Barcodes are widely used around the world in many contexts. In stores, UPC barcodes are pre-printed on most items other than fresh produce from a grocery store. This speeds up processing at check-outs and helps track items and also reduces instances of shoplifting involving price tag swapping, although shoplifters can at present print their own barcodes.^[nineteen] Barcodes that encode a book's ISBN are besides widely pre-printed on books, journals and other printed materials. In addition, retail concatenation membership cards use barcodes to identify customers, assuasive for customized marketing and greater understanding of private consumer shopping patterns. At the point of sale, shoppers can get product discounts or special marketing offers through the accost or east-mail address provided at registration.

Barcodes are widely used in the healthcare and infirmary settings, ranging from patient identification (to access patient information, including medical history, drug allergies, etc.) to creating Lather Notes^[20] with barcodes to medication management. They are also used to facilitate the separation and indexing of documents that accept been imaged in batch scanning applications, track the organization of species in biology,^[21] and integrate with in-motility checkweighers to identify the item beingness weighed in a conveyor line for data drove.

They tin also be used to go along track of objects and people; they are used to keep track of rental cars, airline luggage, nuclear waste, registered mail, express mail and parcels. Barcoded tickets (which may be printed past the customer on their abode printer, or stored on their mobile device) allow the holder to enter sports arenas, cinemas, theatres, fairgrounds, and transportation, and are used to record the arrival and deviation of vehicles from rental facilities etc. This can allow proprietors to place indistinguishable or fraudulent tickets more than easily. Barcodes are widely used in shop flooring control applications software where employees can scan work orders and track the time spent on a job.

Barcodes are too used in some kinds of not-contact 1D and 2D position sensors. A serial of barcodes are used in some kinds of absolute 1D linear encoder. The barcodes are packed shut plenty together that the reader always has 1 or ii barcodes in its field of view. As a kind of fiducial marker, the relative position of the barcode in the field of view of the reader gives incremental precise positioning, in some cases with sub-pixel resolution. The data decoded from the barcode gives the absolute coarse position. An "address carpeting", such as Howell'southward binary design and the Anoto dot design, is a 2nd barcode designed so that a reader, even though only a tiny portion of the complete rug is in the field of view of the reader, can find its absolute X,Y position and rotation in the carpet.^{[22] [23]}

2D barcodes can embed a hyperlink to a web folio. A mobile device with an inbuilt camera might be used to read the design and browse the linked website, which can help a shopper find the best price for an item in the vicinity. Since 2005, airlines utilise an IATA-standard 2d barcode on boarding passes (Bar Coded Boarding Pass (BCBP)), and since 2008 2D barcodes sent to mobile phones enable electronic boarding passes.^[24]

Some applications for barcodes have fallen out of employ. In the 1970s and 1980s, software source code was occasionally encoded in a barcode and printed on paper (Cauzin Softstrip and Paperbyte^[25] are barcode symbologies specifically designed for this awarding), and the 1991 Barcode Battler figurer game system used any standard barcode to generate combat statistics.

Artists take used barcodes in art, such every bit Scott Blake'southward Barcode Jesus, as part of the post-modernism motility.

Symbologies [edit]

The mapping betwixt messages and barcodes is called a symbology. The specification of a symbology includes the encoding of the message into bars and spaces, any required beginning and finish markers, the size of the repose zone required to be before and later the barcode, and the ciphering of a checksum.

Linear symbologies can be classified mainly by two properties:

Continuous vs. discrete

• Characters in discrete symbologies are equanimous of n bars and n − i spaces. There is an boosted space between characters, but it does not convey information, and may have any width as long equally it is not confused with the end of the lawmaking.
• Characters in continuous symbologies are composed of n bars and n spaces, and usually abut, with one graphic symbol ending with a space and the side by side beginning with a bar, or vice versa. A special end design that has confined on both ends is required to end the code.

2-width vs. many-width

• A ii-width, as well called a binary bar code, contains bars and spaces of two widths, "wide" and "narrow". The precise width of the wide confined and spaces is non critical; typically it is permitted to be anywhere between two and 3 times the width of the narrow equivalents.
• Some other symbologies utilize bars of two unlike heights (POSTNET), or the presence or absence of bars (CPC Binary Barcode). These are normally as well considered binary bar codes.
• Bars and spaces in many-width symbologies are all multiples of a bones width chosen the module; most such codes use 4 widths of 1, two, three and 4 modules.

Some symbologies use interleaving. The first character is encoded using black bars of varying width. The second grapheme is then encoded past varying the width of the white spaces between these confined. Thus characters are encoded in pairs over the same section of the barcode. Interleaved 2 of 5 is an case of this.

Stacked symbologies repeat a given linear symbology vertically.

The most common amongst the many 2d symbologies are matrix codes, which characteristic foursquare or dot-shaped modules bundled on a filigree pattern. 2D symbologies besides come up in circular and other patterns and may employ steganography, hiding modules within an image (for example, DataGlyphs).

Linear symbologies are optimized for laser scanners, which sweep a low-cal beam across the barcode in a straight line, reading a piece of the barcode light-dark patterns. Scanning at an angle makes the modules appear wider, but does not change the width ratios. Stacked symbologies are also optimized for laser scanning, with the light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation making multiple passes across the barcode.

In the 1990s development of accuse-coupled device (CCD) imagers to read barcodes was pioneered by Welch Allyn. Imaging does not crave moving parts, as a laser scanner does. In 2007, linear imaging had begun to supervene upon laser scanning equally the preferred browse engine for its performance and durability.

2d symbologies cannot exist read past a laser, as there is typically no sweep pattern that can encompass the entire symbol. They must exist scanned by an image-based scanner employing a CCD or other digital camera sensor engineering.

Barcode readers [edit]

GTIN barcodes on Coca-Cola bottles. The images at correct show how the light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation of barcode readers "meet" the images backside a ruby filter.

The earliest, and still the cheapest, barcode scanners are congenital from a fixed light and a single photosensor that is manually moved beyond the barcode. Barcode scanners can be classified into three categories based on their connection to the computer. The older type is the RS-232 barcode scanner. This type requires special programming for transferring the input information to the application program. Keyboard interface scanners connect to a calculator using a PS/2 or AT keyboard–compatible adaptor cable (a "keyboard wedge"). The barcode's data is sent to the computer every bit if it had been typed on the keyboard.

Like the keyboard interface scanner, USB scanners do not need custom code for transferring input data to the application program. On PCs running Windows the human interface device emulates the data merging action of a hardware "keyboard wedge", and the scanner automatically behaves like an boosted keyboard.

Almost modern smartphones are able to decode barcode using their built-in camera. Google'southward mobile Android operating system can use their ain Google Lens awarding to browse QR codes, or third-party apps like Barcode Scanner to read both ane-dimensional barcodes and QR codes. Nokia's Symbian operating system featured a barcode scanner,^[26] while mbarcode^[27] is a QR code reader for the Maemo operating system. In Apple iOS 11, the native camera app tin decode QR codes and can link to URLs, join wireless networks, or perform other operations depending on the QR Lawmaking contents.^[28] Other paid and free apps are bachelor with scanning capabilities for other symbologies or for earlier iOS versions.^[29] With BlackBerry devices, the App World application tin natively scan barcodes and load any recognized Spider web URLs on the device's Web browser. Windows Telephone 7.5 is able to browse barcodes through the Bing search app. However, these devices are not designed specifically for the capturing of barcodes. Every bit a consequence, they practise non decode nearly as quickly or accurately every bit a defended barcode scanner or portable data last.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Quality control and verification [edit]

It is common for producers and users of bar codes to take a quality direction organization which includes verification and validation of bar codes.^[30] Barcode verification examines scanability and the quality of the barcode in comparison to industry standards and specifications.^[31] Barcode verifiers are primarily used past businesses that impress and employ barcodes. Whatever trading partner in the supply chain can test barcode quality. Information technology is important to verify a barcode to ensure that any reader in the supply chain can successfully translate a barcode with a low error rate. Retailers levy big penalties for not-compliant barcodes. These chargebacks tin reduce a manufacturer's revenue by ii% to 10%.^[32]

A barcode verifier works the way a reader does, but instead of simply decoding a barcode, a verifier performs a serial of tests. For linear barcodes these tests are:

• Border contrast (EC)^[33]
  • The difference between the space reflectance (Rs) and adjoining bar reflectance (Rb). EC=Rs-Rb
• Minimum bar reflectance (Rb)^[33]
  • The smallest reflectance value in a bar.
• Minimum space reflectance (Rs)^[33]
  • The smallest reflectance value in a space.
• Symbol contrast (SC)^[33]
  • Symbol Contrast is the difference in reflectance values of the lightest space (including the serenity zone) and the darkest bar of the symbol. The greater the departure, the higher the grade. The parameter is graded as either A, B, C, D, or F. SC=Rmax-Rmin
• Minimum edge dissimilarity (ECmin)^[33]
  • The difference between the space reflectance (Rs) and bordering bar reflectance (Rb). EC=Rs-Rb
• Modulation (Mod)^[33]
  • The parameter is graded either A, B, C, D, or F. This grade is based on the relationship between minimum border contrast (ECmin) and symbol contrast (SC). Mod=ECmin/SC The greater the difference betwixt minimum edge dissimilarity and symbol contrast, the lower the form. Scanners and verifiers perceive the narrower bars and spaces to accept less intensity than wider bars and spaces; the comparison of the lesser intensity of narrow elements to the broad elements is called modulation. This condition is afflicted by aperture size.
• Inter-character gap^[33]
  • In discrete barcodes, the space that disconnects the two contiguous characters. When present, inter-character gaps are considered spaces (elements) for purposes of border decision and reflectance parameter grades.
• Defects
• Decode^[33]
  • Extracting the information which has been encoded in a bar code symbol.
• Decodability^[33]
  • Tin can exist graded as A, B, C, D, or F. The Decodability class indicates the corporeality of fault in the width of the virtually deviant chemical element in the symbol. The less difference in the symbology, the higher the course. Decodability is a measure out of print accuracy using the symbology reference decode algorithm.

second matrix symbols look at the parameters:

• Symbol contrast^[33]
• Modulation^[33]
• Decode^[33]
• Unused error correction
• Stock-still (finder) blueprint impairment
• Grid non-uniformity
• Axial not-uniformity^[34]

Depending on the parameter, each ANSI test is graded from 0.0 to 4.0 (F to A), or given a pass or neglect marking. Each grade is determined by analyzing the scan reflectance profile (SRP), an analog graph of a single browse line across the unabridged symbol. The lowest of the 8 grades is the scan grade, and the overall ISO symbol grade is the average of the individual scan grades. For virtually applications a 2.5 (C) is the minimal acceptable symbol grade.^[35]

Compared with a reader, a verifier measures a barcode's optical characteristics to international and industry standards. The measurement must be repeatable and consistent. Doing so requires constant conditions such every bit distance, illumination bending, sensor bending and verifier aperture. Based on the verification results, the product procedure can be adjusted to impress higher quality barcodes that will browse down the supply chain.

Bar code validation may include evaluations after use (and abuse) testing such every bit sunlight, chafe, impact, moisture, etc.^[36]

Barcode verifier standards [edit]

Barcode verifier standards are defined by the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), in ISO/IEC 15426-1 (linear) or ISO/IEC 15426-2 (2d).^{[ commendation needed ]} The current international barcode quality specification is ISO/IEC 15416 (linear) and ISO/IEC 15415 (2D).^{[ citation needed ]} The European Standard EN 1635 has been withdrawn and replaced by ISO/IEC 15416. The original U.S. barcode quality specification was ANSI X3.182. (UPCs used in the United states of america – ANSI/UCC5).^{[ citation needed ]} As of 2011 the ISO workgroup JTC1 SC31 was developing a Direct Function Marking (DPM) quality standard: ISO/IEC TR 29158.^[37]

Benefits [edit]

In bespeak-of-sale management, barcode systems can provide detailed up-to-date information on the business, accelerating decisions and with more than confidence. For example:

• Fast-selling items can be identified quickly and automatically reordered.
• Slow-selling items can be identified, preventing inventory build-upward.
• The effects of merchandising changes tin be monitored, allowing fast-moving, more than profitable items to occupy the best space.
• Historical data can be used to predict seasonal fluctuations very accurately.
• Items may exist repriced on the shelf to reflect both auction prices and toll increases.
• This technology also enables the profiling of individual consumers, typically through a voluntary registration of discount cards. While pitched as a benefit to the consumer, this practice is considered to be potentially dangerous by privacy advocates.^{[ which? ]}

Besides sales and inventory tracking, barcodes are very useful in logistics and supply concatenation management.

• When a manufacturer packs a box for shipment, a Unique Identifying Number (UID) tin be assigned to the box.
• A database tin can link the UID to relevant information about the box; such as lodge number, items packed, quantity packed, destination, etc.
• The data can be transmitted through a advice system such as Electronic Information Interchange (EDI) so the retailer has the information well-nigh a shipment before it arrives.
• Shipments that are sent to a Distribution Center (DC) are tracked before forwarding. When the shipment reaches its last destination, the UID gets scanned, so the shop knows the shipment's source, contents, and cost.

Barcode scanners are relatively low price and extremely accurate compared to cardinal-entry, with only about 1 commutation mistake in 15,000 to 36 trillion characters entered.^{[38] [ unreliable source? ]} The exact mistake charge per unit depends on the blazon of barcode.

Types of barcodes [edit]

Linear barcodes [edit]

A first generation, "one dimensional" barcode that is made up of lines and spaces of various widths that create specific patterns.

Example	Symbology	Continuous or discrete	Bar widths	Uses
	Australia Mail service barcode	Discrete	iv bar heights	An Australia Mail barcode as used on a business organization reply paid envelope and applied by automatic sorting machines to other mail when initially processed in fluorescent ink .
	Codabar	Detached	2	Old format used in libraries and blood banks and on airbills (out of date, but nonetheless widely used in libraries)
	Code 25 – Non-interleaved 2 of 5	Continuous	Ii	Industrial
	Code 25 – Interleaved 2 of 5	Continuous	Two	Wholesale, libraries International standard ISO/IEC 16390
	Code 11	Discrete	Two	Telephones (out of date)
	Farmacode or Code 32	Detached	Two	Italian pharmacode – use Code 39 (no international standard bachelor)
	Code 39	Discrete	2	Diverse – international standard ISO/IEC 16388
	Code 49	Continuous	Many	Diverse
	Lawmaking 93	Continuous	Many	Various
	Lawmaking 128	Continuous	Many	Various – International Standard ISO/IEC 15417
	CPC Binary	Detached	Two
	DX picture show edge barcode	Neither	Tall/short	Color print film
	EAN 2	Continuous	Many	Addon lawmaking (magazines), GS1-approved – not an ain symbology – to exist used only with an EAN/UPC according to ISO/IEC 15420
	EAN v	Continuous	Many	Addon lawmaking (books), GS1-approved – not an own symbology – to be used merely with an EAN/UPC according to ISO/IEC 15420
	EAN-8, EAN-13	Continuous	Many	Worldwide retail, GS1-approved – International Standard ISO/IEC 15420
	Facing Identification Mark	Detached	Two	USPS business respond mail
	GS1-128 (formerly named UCC/EAN-128), incorrectly referenced as EAN 128 and UCC 128	Continuous	Many	Diverse, GS1-approved – merely an awarding of the Code 128 (ISO/IEC 15417) using the ANS MH10.8.2 AI Datastructures. Information technology is non a separate symbology.
	GS1 DataBar, formerly Reduced Space Symbology (RSS)	Continuous	Many	Various, GS1-approved
	Intelligent Mail barcode	Detached	4 bar heights	United States Postal Service, replaces both POSTNET and PLANET symbols (formerly named OneCode)
	ITF-14	Continuous	Two	Not-retail packaging levels, GS1-approved – is just an Interleaved ii/5 Lawmaking (ISO/IEC 16390) with a few additional specifications, according to the GS1 General Specifications
	ITF-6	Continuous	Two	Interleaved 2 of 5 barcode to encode an addon to ITF-14 and ITF-xvi barcodes. The code is used to encode boosted data such as items quantity or container weight
	Jan	Continuous	Many	Used in Japan, similar to and compatible with EAN-13 (ISO/IEC 15420)
	Japan Post barcode	Discrete	4 bar heights	Japan Post
	KarTrak ACI	Discrete	Coloured confined	Used in Northward America on railroad rolling equipment
	MSI	Continuous	2	Used for warehouse shelves and inventory
	Pharmacode	Discrete	Two	Pharmaceutical packaging (no international standard available)
	PLANET	Continuous	Tall/brusque	United States Postal Service (no international standard available)
	Plessey	Continuous	Two	Catalogs, store shelves, inventory (no international standard available)
	PostBar	Discrete	4 bar heights	Canadian Mail function
	POSTNET	Detached	Alpine/short	Usa Post (no international standard available)
	RM4SCC / KIX	Discrete	4 bar heights	Regal Post / PostNL
	RM Mailmark C	Discrete	four bar heights	Royal Mail
	RM Mailmark L	Discrete	iv bar heights	Regal Mail
	Telepen	Continuous	Two	Libraries (Britain)
	Universal Product Lawmaking (UPC-A and UPC-E)	Continuous	Many	Worldwide retail, GS1-canonical – International Standard ISO/IEC 15420

Matrix (2D) barcodes [edit]

A matrix code, also termed a second barcode or simply a 2d code, is a two-dimensional fashion to correspond information. Information technology is like to a linear (1-dimensional) barcode, only can correspond more data per unit area.

Example	Name	Notes
	AR Code	A type of marker used for placing content inside augmented reality applications. Some AR Codes tin incorporate QR codes within, and so that AR content tin can be linked to.[39] Run into also ARTag.
	Aztec Code	Designed by Andrew Longacre at Welch Allyn (now Honeywell Scanning and Mobility). Public domain. – International Standard: ISO/IEC 24778
	bCode	A barcode designed for the study of insect behavior.[forty] Encodes an 11 bit identifier and 16 bits of read mistake detection and mistake correction information. Predominately used for marking beloved bees, but tin can also be applied to other animals.
	BEEtag	A 25 bit (5x5) code matrix of black and white pixels that is unique to each tag surrounded by a white pixel border and a black pixel edge. The 25-flake matrix consists of a fifteen-flake identity code, and a 10-flake error check.[41] It is designed to exist a low-price, paradigm-based tracking system for the study of fauna beliefs and locomotion.
	BeeTagg	A 2d barcode with honeycomb structures suitable for mobile tagging and was developed by the Swiss visitor connvision AG.
	Bokode	A type of data tag which holds much more than information than a barcode over the same area. They were developed by a team led past Ramesh Raskar at the MIT Media Lab. The bokode pattern is a tiled series of Information Matrix codes.
	Boxing	A loftier-capacity 2nd barcode is used on piqlFilm by Piql AS[42]
	Code 1	Public domain. Code i is currently used in the wellness intendance industry for medicine labels and the recycling industry to encode container content for sorting.[43]
	Code 16K	The Code 16K (1988) is a multi-row bar lawmaking adult by Ted Williams at Laserlight Systems (USA) in 1992. In the US and France, the code is used in the electronics industry to identify chips and printed circuit boards. Medical applications in the USA are well known. Williams also developed Code 128, and the structure of 16K is based on Lawmaking 128. Non coincidentally, 128 squared happened to equal sixteen,000 or 16K for brusque. Code 16K resolved an inherent problem with Code 49. Code 49'due south structure requires a large amount of memory for encoding and decoding tables and algorithms. 16K is a stacked symbology.[44] [45]
	ColorCode	ColorZip[46] developed colour barcodes that can be read by camera phones from Tv set screens; mainly used in Korea.[47]
	Color Construct Code	Color Construct Lawmaking is 1 of the few barcode symbologies designed to accept advantage of multiple colors.[48] [49]
	Cronto Visual Cryptogram	The Cronto Visual Cryptogram (also called photoTAN) is a specialized color barcode, spun out from research at the University of Cambridge by Igor Drokov, Steven Murdoch, and Elena Punskaya.[50] It is used for transaction signing in e-banking; the barcode contains encrypted transaction data which is then used as a claiming to compute a transaction authentication number using a security token.[51]
	CyberCode	From Sony.
	d-bear upon	readable when printed on deformable gloves and stretched and distorted[52] [53]
	DataGlyphs	From Palo Alto Inquiry Center (also termed Xerox PARC).[54] Patented.[55] DataGlyphs can exist embedded into a half-tone prototype or background shading pattern in a fashion that is almost perceptually invisible, similar to steganography.[56] [57]
	Data Matrix	From Microscan Systems, formerly RVSI Acuity CiMatrix/Siemens. Public domain. Increasingly used throughout the United states. Single segment Information Matrix is also termed Semacode. – International Standard: ISO/IEC 16022.
	Datastrip Code	From Datastrip, Inc.
	Digimarc Barcode	The Digimarc Barcode is a unique identifier, or code, based on imperceptible patterns that can be applied to marketing materials, including packaging, displays, ads in magazines, circulars, radio and television[58]
	digital paper	patterned paper used in conjunction with a digital pen to create handwritten digital documents. The printed dot blueprint uniquely identifies the position coordinates on the paper.
	DotCode	Standardized as AIM Dotcode Rev 3.0. Public domain. Used to track individual cigarette and pharmaceutical packages.
	Dot Code A	Also known as Philips Dot Lawmaking.[59] Patented in 1988.[60]
	DWCode	Introduced by GS1 Us and GS1 Germany, the DWCode is a unique, imperceptible data carrier that is repeated across the entire graphics design of a package[61]
	EZcode	Designed for decoding by cameraphones;[62] from ScanLife.[63]
	Han Xin Barcode	Barcode designed to encode Chinese characters introduced by Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility in 2011.
	High Capacity Color Barcode	HCCB was developed by Microsoft; licensed past ISAN-IA.
	HueCode	From Robot Design Associates. Uses greyscale or color.[64]
	InterCode	From Iconlab, Inc. The standard 2D barcode in South Korea. All 3 South Korean mobile carriers put the scanner program of this code into their handsets to access mobile internet, as a default embedded programme.
	JAB Code	Just Another Bar Code is a colored 2d barcode. Square or rectangle. License free
	MaxiCode	Used by United Packet Service. Now public domain.
	mCode	Designed by NextCode Corporation, specifically to piece of work with mobile phones and mobile services.[65] Information technology is implementing an independent error detection technique preventing false decoding, it uses a variable-size mistake correction polynomial, which depends on the verbal size of the code.[66]
	MMCC	Designed to disseminate high capacity mobile phone content via existing colour impress and electronic media, without the demand for network connectivity
	NexCode	NexCode is developed and patented by S5 Systems.
	Nintendo e-Reader#Dot lawmaking	Developed by Olympus Corporation to store songs, images, and mini-games for Game Boy Advance on Pokémon trading cards.
	PDF417	Originated past Symbol Technologies. Public domain. – International standard: ISO/IEC 15438
	Qode	American proprietary and patented second barcode from NeoMedia Technologies, Inc.[63]
	QR code	Initially developed, patented and owned by Denso Wave for automotive components management; they have chosen not to do their patent rights. Tin encode Latin and Japanese Kanji and Kana characters, music, images, URLs, emails. De facto standard for Japanese cell phones. Used with BlackBerry Messenger to pick up contacts rather than using a Pin code. The most frequently used type of code to scan with smartphones, and one of the most widely used 2D barcodes.[67] Public Domain. – International Standard: ISO/IEC 18004
	Screencode	Adult and patented[68] [69] by Hewlett-Packard Labs. A time-varying 2D design using to encode information via brightness fluctuations in an image, for the purpose of high bandwidth data transfer from computer displays to smartphones via smartphone camera input. Inventors Timothy Kindberg and John Collomosse, publicly disclosed at ACM HotMobile 2008.[70]
	ShotCode	Circular barcodes for photographic camera phones. Originally from High Energy Magic Ltd in proper name Spotcode. Before that about likely termed TRIPCode.
	Snapcode, besides chosen Boo-R code	used past Snapchat, Glasses, etc. US9111164B1[71] [72] [73]
	Snowflake Code	A proprietary lawmaking developed by Electronic Automation Ltd. in 1981. Information technology is possible to encode more than 100 numeric digits in a space of only 5mm x 5mm. User selectable mistake correction allows upwardly to twoscore% of the code to be destroyed and notwithstanding remain readable. The code is used in the pharmaceutical industry and has an advantage that it tin be applied to products and materials in a wide variety of ways, including printed labels, ink-jet printing, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation-etching, indenting or hole punching.[44] [74] [75]
	SPARQCode	QR lawmaking encoding standard from MSKYNET, Inc.
	Trillcode	Designed for mobile telephone scanning.[76] Developed past Lark Computer, a Romanian company.[66]
	VOICEYE	Developed and patented by VOICEYE, Inc. in South korea, it aims to permit blind and visually impaired people to admission printed information. Information technology likewise claims to be the 2D barcode that has the world's largest storage chapters.

Case images [edit]

• Starting time, Second and Third Generation Barcodes

• 

  GTIN-12 number encoded in UPC-A barcode symbol. First and concluding digit are always placed exterior the symbol to indicate Quiet Zones that are necessary for barcode scanners to work properly

• 

  EAN-xiii (GTIN-thirteen) number encoded in EAN-13 barcode symbol. First digit is always placed exterior the symbol, additionally right quiet zone indicator (>) is used to signal Tranquility Zones that are necessary for barcode scanners to work properly

• 

  An instance of a stacked barcode. Specifically a "Codablock" barcode.

• 

• 

• 

  "This is an example Aztec symbol for Wikipedia" encoded in Aztec Code

• 

  Text 'EZcode'

• 

  "Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia" in several languages encoded in DataGlyphs

• 

  Two unlike second barcodes used in film: Dolby Digital between the sprocket holes with the "Double-D" logo in the eye, and Sony Dynamic Digital Audio in the blue area to the left of the sprocket holes

• 

  The QR Code for the Wikipedia URL. "Quick Response", the virtually popular second barcode. It is open in that the specification is disclosed and the patent is non exercised.^[77]

• 

  MaxiCode case. This encodes the cord "Wikipedia, The Gratuitous Encyclopedia"

• 

• 

  detail of Twibright Optar browse from laser printed paper, conveying 32 kbit/s Ogg Vorbis digital music (48 seconds per A4 page)

In popular culture [edit]

In architecture, a building in Lingang New City by German language architects Gerkan, Marg and Partners incorporates a barcode blueprint,^[78] equally does a shopping mall called Shtrikh-kod (Russian for barcode) in Narodnaya ulitsa ("People's Street") in the Nevskiy district of St. petersburg, Russia.^[79]

In media, in 2011, the National Film Lath of Canada and ARTE France launched a spider web documentary entitled Barcode.tv, which allows users to view films about everyday objects by scanning the product's barcode with their iPhone photographic camera.^{[80] [81]}

In professional wrestling, the WWE stable D-Generation X incorporated a barcode into their entrance video, every bit well as on a T-shirt.^{[82] [83]}

In the TV series Night Angel, the protagonist and the other transgenics in the Manticore X-series accept barcodes on the back of their necks.

In video games, the protagonist of the Hitman video game series has a barcode tattoo on the dorsum of his head; QR codes can also be scanned in a side mission in Spotter Dogs. The 2018 videogame Judgment features QR Codes that protagonist Takayuki Yagami can photograph with his phone camera. These are mostly to unlock parts for Yagami's Drone.^[84]

In the films Back to the Future Function Two and The Handmaid's Tale, cars in the future are depicted with barcode licence plates.

In the Terminator films, Skynet burns barcodes onto the inside surface of the wrists of captive humans (in a similar location to the WW2 concentration camp tattoos) as a unique identifier.

In music, Dave Davies of The Kinks released a solo anthology in 1980, AFL1-3603, which featured a giant barcode on the front cover in place of the musician's head. The anthology's name was also the barcode number.

The April 1978 issue of Mad Magazine featured a giant barcode on the encompass, with the blurb "[Mad] Hopes this issue jams up every computer in the land...for forcing u.s.a. to deface our covers with this yecchy UPC symbol from at present on!"

Interactive Textbooks were first published by Harcourt College Publishers to Expand Pedagogy Technology with Interactive Textbooks. ^[85]

Designed barcodes [edit]

Some brands integrate custom designs into barcodes (while keeping them readable) on their consumer products.

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Hoaxes about barcodes [edit]

There was small skepticism from conspiracy theorists, who considered barcodes to exist an intrusive surveillance technology, and from some Christians, pioneered by a 1982 volume The New Money Organisation 666 by Mary Stewart Relfe, who thought the codes hid the number 666, representing the "Number of the Beast".^[86] Old Believers, a separation of the Russian Orthodox Church building, believe barcodes are the postage stamp of the Antichrist.^[87] Television host Phil Donahue described barcodes as a "corporate plot confronting consumers".^[88]

Meet also [edit]

• Automated identification and data capture (AIDC)
• Barcode printer
• European Article Numbering-Uniform Lawmaking Council
• Global Trade Item Number
• Identifier
• Inventory control system
• Object hyperlinking
• Semacode
• SMS barcode
• SPARQCode (QR code)
• List of GS1 country codes

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Us patent 2612994
2. ^ "How Barcodes Work". Stuff Y'all Should Know. 4 June 2019. Retrieved five June 2019.
3. ^ ^{a b} Cranstone, Ian. "A guide to ACI (Automatic Car Identification)/KarTrak". Canadian Freight Cars A resource page for the Canadian Freight Car Enthusiast . Retrieved 26 May 2013.
4. ^ Keyes, John (22 August 2003). "KarTrak". John Keyes Boston photoblogger. Images from Boston, New England, and beyond. John

   

   Barcoded rolling stock in the U.k., 1962

   Keyes. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
5. ^ ^{a b} Roberts, Sam (11 December 2019). "George Laurer, Who Developed the Bar Code, Is Expressionless at 94". The New York Times . Retrieved 13 December 2019.
6. ^ Play a trick on, Margalit (xv June 2011). "Alan Haberman, Who Ushered in the Bar Lawmaking, Dies at 81". The New York Times.
7. ^ Grand. F. (ii November 2017). "Why QR codes are on the rise". The Economist . Retrieved v Feb 2018.
8. ^ Fishman, Charles (1 August 2001). "The Killer App – Bar None". American Way. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 19 Apr 2010.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Seideman, Tony (Spring 1993), "Barcodes Sweep the World", Wonders of Modernistic Engineering science, archived from the original on 16 October 2016
10. ^ Dunn, Peter (twenty October 2015). "David Collins, SM '59: Making his mark on the world with bar codes". technologyreview.com. MIT. Retrieved two December 2019.
11. ^ Graham-White, Sean (August 1999). "Do You Know Where Your Boxcar Is?". Trains. 59 (eight): 48–53.
12. ^ Laurer, George. "Development of the U.P.C. Symbol". Archived from the original on 25 September 2008.
13. ^ Nelson, Benjamin (1997). Punched Cards To Bar Codes: A 200-year journeying. Peterborough, N.H.: Helmers. ISBN9780911261127.
14. ^ ^{a b} Varchaver, Nicholas (31 May 2004). "Scanning the Globe". Fortune. Archived from the original on fourteen November 2006. Retrieved 27 Nov 2006.
15. ^ ^{a b} Selmeier, Pecker (2009). Spreading the Barcode. Lulu. pp. 26, 214, 236, 238, 244, 245, 236, 238, 244, 245. ISBN978-0-578-02417-2.
16. ^ Rawsthorn, Alice (23 February 2010). "Scan Artists". New York Times . Retrieved 31 July 2015.
17. ^ "World hails barcode on important birthday". ATN. 1 July 2014.
18. ^ "A Short History of Bar Code". BarCode 1. Adams Communications. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
19. ^ "Barcode". iWatch Systems. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
20. ^ Oberfield, Craig. "QNotes Barcode Arrangement". US Patented #5296688. Quick Notes Inc. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
21. ^ National Geographic, May 2010, page 30
22. ^ Hecht, David L. (March 2001). "Printed Embedded Data Graphical User Interfaces" (PDF). IEEE Reckoner. Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. 34 (3): 47–55. doi:10.1109/2.910893. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2013.
23. ^ Howell, Jon; Kotay, Keith (March 2000). "Landmarks for absolute localization". Dartmouth Computer science Technical Written report TR2000-364.
24. ^ "IATA.org". IATA.org. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
25. ^ "Paperbyte Bar Codes for Waduzitdo". Byte magazine. September 1978. p. 172.
26. ^ "Nokia N80 Support". Nokia Europe. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011.
27. ^ "package overview for mbarcode". Maemo.org. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
28. ^ Sargent, Mikah (24 September 2017). "How to employ QR codes in iOS 11". iMore. Retrieved i Oct 2017.
29. ^ "15+ Best Barcode Scanner iPhone Applications". iPhoneness. 3 March 2017. Retrieved ane October 2017.
30. ^ David, H (28 November 2018), "Barcodes – Validation vs Verification in GS1", Labeling News , retrieved half dozen June 2020
31. ^ "Layman'due south Guide to ANSI, CEN, and ISO Barcode Print Quality Documents" (PDF). Association for Automatic Identification and Data Capture Technologies (AIM). 2002. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
32. ^ Zieger, Anne (October 2003). "Retailer chargebacks: is at that place an upside? Retailer compliance initiatives can pb to efficiency". Frontline Solutions. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012.
33. ^ ^{a b c d e f m h i j k 50} Corp, Express. "Barcode Glossary | Express". Express Corp . Retrieved 11 December 2019.
34. ^ Bar Code Verification All-time Do work team (May 2010). "GS1 DataMatrix: An introduction and technical overview of the nearly avant-garde GS1 Application Identifiers compliant symbology" (PDF). Global Standards 1. i (17): 34–36. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved two August 2011.
35. ^ GS1 Bar Code Verification Best Practice work team (May 2009). "GS1 Bar Lawmaking Verification for Linear Symbols" (PDF). Global Standards 1. iv (3): 23–32. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
36. ^ Garner, J (2019), Results of Information Matrix Barcode Testing for Field Applications, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, retrieved 6 June 2020
37. ^ "Technical committees – JTC 1/SC 31 – Automatic identification and information capture techniques". ISO. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
38. ^ Harmon, Craig Thou.; Adams, Russ (1989). Reading Between The Lines:An Introduction to Bar Lawmaking Technology. Peterborough, NH: Helmers. p. thirteen. ISBN0-911261-00-1.
39. ^ "AR Code Generator"
40. ^ Gernat, Tim; Rao, Vikyath D.; Middendorf, Martin; Dankowicz, Harry; Goldenfeld, Nigel; Robinson, Gene Due east. (13 Feb 2018). "Automatic monitoring of beliefs reveals bursty interaction patterns and rapid spreading dynamics in honeybee social networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (seven): 1433–1438. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.1433G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1713568115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC5816157. PMID 29378954.
41. ^ Combes, Stacey A.; Mountcastle, Andrew M.; Gravish, Nick; Crall, James D. (2 September 2015). "BEEtag: A Depression-Cost, Image-Based Tracking Arrangement for the Written report of Animal Behavior and Locomotion". PLOS I. x (nine): e0136487. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1036487C. doi:10.1371/periodical.pone.0136487. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC4558030. PMID 26332211.
42. ^ "GitHub - piql/Battle: High capacity second barcode format". GitHub. 4 November 2021.
43. ^ Adams, Russ (xv June 2009). "2-Dimensional Bar Code Page". Archived from the original on seven July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
44. ^ ^{a b} "two-Dimensional Bar Code Page". www.adams1.com . Retrieved 12 January 2019.
45. ^ "Code 16K Specs" (PDF). www.gomaro.ch . Retrieved 12 Jan 2019.
46. ^ "Colorzip.com". Colorzip.com. Retrieved 28 Nov 2011.
47. ^ "Barcodes for TV Commercials". Adverlab. 31 January 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
48. ^ "About". Colour Code Technologies. Archived from the original on 29 Baronial 2012. Retrieved iv November 2012.
49. ^ "Often Asked Questions". ColorCCode. Archived from the original on 21 Feb 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
50. ^ "New arrangement to combat online banking fraud". University of Cambridge. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
51. ^ Cronto Visual Transaction Signing, OneSpan, retrieved half dozen December 2019
52. ^ d-impact topological fiducial recognition, MIT, archived from the original on ii March 2008 .
53. ^ d-affect markers are applied to deformable gloves, MIT, archived from the original on 21 June 2008 .
54. ^ See Xerox.com for details.
55. ^ "DataGlyphs: Embedding Digital Data". Microglyphs. 3 May 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
56. ^ ""DataGlyph" Embedded Digital Data". Tauzero. Retrieved x March 2014.
57. ^ "DataGlyphs". Xerox. Retrieved x March 2014.
58. ^ "Improve Barcodes, Improve Business" (PDF).
59. ^ Dot Code A at barcode.ro
60. ^ Dot Code A Patent
61. ^ "GS1 Germany and Digimarc Denote Collaboration to Bring DWCode to the German Market".
62. ^ "Scanbuy". Retrieved 28 November 2011.
63. ^ ^{a b} Steeman, Jeroen. "Online QR Code Decoder". Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
64. ^ "BarCode-one 2-Dimensional Bar Lawmaking Page". Adams. Archived from the original on 3 November 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
65. ^ "Global Research Solutions – second Barcodes". grs.weebly.com . Retrieved 12 Jan 2019.
66. ^ ^{a b} Kato, Hiroko; Tan, Keng T.; Chai, Douglas (8 April 2010). Barcodes for Mobile Devices. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9781139487511.
67. ^ Chen, Rongjun; Yu, Yongxing; Xu, Xiansheng; Wang, Leijun; Zhao, Huimin; Tan, Hong-Zhou (eleven Dec 2019). "Adaptive Binarization of QR Code Images for Fast Automated Sorting in Warehouse Systems". Sensors. 19 (24): 5466. Bibcode:2019Senso..xix.5466C. doi:10.3390/s19245466. PMC6960674. PMID 31835866.
68. ^ "U.s.a. Patent 9270846: Content encoded luminosity modulation"
69. ^ "US Patent 8180163: Encoder and decoder and methods of encoding and decoding sequence information with inserted monitor flags"
70. ^ "Screen Codes: Visual Hyperlinks for Displays"
71. ^ "Snapchat is changing the way you watch snaps and add friends"
72. ^ "Snapchat Lets You Add People Via QR Snaptags Thanks To Secret Scan.me Acquisition"
73. ^ "How Snapchat Made QR Codes Cool Again"
74. ^ U.s.a. 5825015, Chan, John Paul & GB, "Auto readable binary codes", issued twenty October 1998
75. ^ "United states of america Patent 5825015". pdfpiw.uspto.gov. xx October 1998. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
76. ^ "Trillcode Barcode". Barcoding, Inc. 17 February 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
77. ^ (株)デンソーウェーブ, denso-wave.com (in Japanese) Copyright
78. ^ Barcode Halls – gmp Archived 18 October 2011 at the Wayback Auto
79. ^ "paradigm". Peterburg2.ru. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
80. ^ Lavigne, Anne-Marie (5 October 2011). "Introducing Barcode.goggle box, a new interactive doc nearly the objects that surround usa". NFB Blog. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 7 Oct 2011.
81. ^ Anderson, Kelly (6 October 2011). "NFB, ARTE France launch 'Bar Code'". Reelscreen . Retrieved 7 October 2011.
82. ^ [i] Archived 16 March 2015 at the Wayback Car
83. ^ "Dx theme song 2009–2010". YouTube. 19 December 2009. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
84. ^ Diego Agruello (27 June 2019). "Judgment QR code locations to upgrade Drone Parts explained • Eurogamer.net". Eurogamer . Retrieved three Baronial 2019.
85. ^ "CueCat History". CueCat History . Retrieved 12 November 2019.
86. ^ "What about barcodes and 666: The Marker of the Beast?". Av1611.org. 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
87. ^ Serafino, Jay (26 July 2018). "The Russian Family That Cut Itself Off From Civilization for More Than twoscore Years". Mental Floss. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
88. ^ Bishop, Tricia (5 July 2004). "UPC bar code has been in use 30 years". SFgate.com. Archived from the original on 23 Baronial 2004. Retrieved 22 December 2009.

Further reading [edit]

• Automating Management Information Systems: Barcode Engineering and Implementation – Harry E. Burke, Thomson Learning, ISBN 0-442-20712-3
• Automating Management Data Systems: Principles of Barcode Applications – Harry E. Burke, Thomson Learning, ISBN 0-442-20667-4
• The Bar Code Book – Roger C. Palmer, Helmers Publishing, ISBN 0-911261-09-5, 386 pages
• The Bar Code Manual – Eugene F. Brighan, Thompson Learning, ISBN 0-03-016173-8
• Handbook of Bar Coding Systems – Harry Due east. Burke, Van Nostrand Reinhold Visitor, ISBN 978-0-442-21430-two, 219 pages
• Information Engineering for Retail:Automatic Identification & Information Capture Systems – Girdhar Joshi, Oxford Academy Press, ISBN 0-xix-569796-0, 416 pages
• Lines of Advice – Craig Thousand. Harmon, Helmers Publishing, ISBN 0-911261-07-9, 425 pages
• Punched Cards to Bar Codes – Benjamin Nelson, Helmers Publishing, ISBN 0-911261-12-5, 434 pages
• Revolution at the Checkout Counter: The Explosion of the Bar Code – Stephen A. Brownish, Harvard Academy Press, ISBN 0-674-76720-9
• Reading Betwixt The Lines – Craig K. Harmon and Russ Adams, Helmers Publishing, ISBN 0-911261-00-1, 297 pages
• The Black and White Solution: Bar Code and the IBM PC – Russ Adams and Joyce Lane, Helmers Publishing, ISBN 0-911261-01-10, 169 pages
• Sourcebook of Automated Identification and Information Collection – Russ Adams, Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-442-31850-2, 298 pages
• Within Out: The Wonders of Mod Engineering – Ballad J. Amato, Smithmark Pub, ISBN 0831746572, 1993

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barcode.

• Barcode at Curlie
• Barcode Glossary of Terms
• Pros and cons and relative popularity of different 1D and second barcode codes.
• Barcodes comparison chart, limits of each barcode blazon.

rodriguezcusuch.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode

Share this post